华埠服务中心 · Chinatown Service Center

创业入门

Starting a Small Business
点击开始 · Click to begin   ←→
今天学什么 · Today's Agenda

三大主题 Three Key Topics

注册 · 财务 · 客户 — 30 分钟 Register · Money · Customers — 30 minutes
①
注册 Register
DBA · EIN · 营业执照 DBA · EIN · Business Licenses
②
财务 Money
记账 · 报税 · 自雇税 Bookkeeping · Taxes · SE Tax
③
客户 Customers
微信 · 小红书 · 口碑 WeChat · RedNote · Word of mouth
先想清楚Think First

创业适合您吗？ Is This Right for You?

老实说 — 自己当老板有好处，也有真实的代价 Honest talk — being your own boss has upsides, and real costs

✓ 好处✓ The Upsides

  • 自己做主Be your own boss
    自己安排时间，不用看老板脸色Set your own schedule, no boss
  • 收入上不封顶No income ceiling
    努力可以转化为更多收入Your effort directly grows your income
  • 不需要英语流利English not required
    服务华人社区，中文也能做生意Serve Chinese community in your own language
  • 家人可以一起做Family can join
    夫妻店、家庭餐馆很常见Family-run shops are common

⚠️ 真实的代价⚠️ Real Tradeoffs

  • 收入起伏不定Income goes up and down
    头一两年常常没工资 — 全靠存款First 1–2 years often no paycheck — live on savings
  • 没有福利No employee benefits
    医疗保险、退休、带薪假期 — 全部自己掏钱Health insurance, retirement, vacation — all out of pocket
  • 早起晚归Long hours
    每周 60–80 小时很常见 — 周末也得开60–80 hour weeks common — weekends too
  • 失败率高Many businesses fail
    约一半生意撑不过 5 年 — 别拿房子抵押~50% close within 5 years — don't mortgage your home
💡 小建议：先在原工作上「兼职试水」 6–12 个月，再决定要不要全职做。💡 Tip: Test your business as a side hustle for 6–12 months before going full-time.
行业概览Industry Overview

华人社区常见小生意 Common Small Businesses in the Chinese Community

这些是华人新移民最常做的几种小生意 These are the most common small businesses among Chinese immigrants
中餐馆 · 奶茶 · 快餐Restaurant · Boba · Takeout
投入 $80K–250K · 高失败率$80K–250K to open · high failure rate
华人最熟悉的生意，但租金、人工、食材成本都高，要做好 1–2 年不赚钱的准备。Most familiar but high cost — rent, labor, food. Plan for 1–2 years of no profit.
家庭/办公室清洁House / Office Cleaning
投入低于 $5,000 · 入门容易Under $5,000 startup · easy to start
设备简单，单干起步。每户每次 $80–200。靠口碑接客。Simple supplies, work solo to start. $80–200 per home. Grow via word-of-mouth.
美甲 · 美发 · 按摩Nails · Hair · Massage
投入 $10K–50K · 需要执照$10K–50K · license required
需要加州 Board 执照（中文考试可用）。租店面 + 设备 + 牌照费。CA Board license required (Chinese exam available). Storefront + equipment + permit fees.
记账 · 报税 · 翻译Bookkeeping · Tax · Translation
投入低于 $3,000 · 在家可做Under $3,000 · home-based OK
服务华人家庭和小生意。报税季节（1–4 月）最旺。报税员可考 CRTP 资格证。Serve Chinese families & small shops. Busiest Jan–Apr. Get CRTP if doing taxes.
网店 · 代购 · 进出口Online Retail · Daigou · Import
投入 $2K–20K · 时间灵活$2K–20K · flexible hours
eBay、Amazon、微信卖中国商品；代购国外商品给中国客户。需要 Seller's Permit。Sell on eBay, Amazon, WeChat. Need Seller's Permit if selling goods.
小店铺 · 杂货 · 礼品Small Retail · Grocery · Gifts
投入 $30K–100K · 租金高$30K–100K · high rent
需要 Seller's Permit + 营业执照 + 库存资金。地点和租金是关键。Seller's Permit + business license + inventory. Location & rent are the keys.
练一练 · 互动活动Activity · Practice

您该选哪种？ Which Structure Should You Pick?

三种最常见的小生意法律结构 Three most common business structures for small CSC clients
Sole Prop
个人独资
$0 起
最简单 · 用您本人名字开Simplest · uses your own name
DBA
起一个店名
$26 起
用您本人 + 一个店铺名字Your name + a business name
LLC
有限责任公司
$800/年
保护个人财产，但费用高Protects personal assets, costs more
🙋 投票：如果您要开家庭清洁生意，先选哪种？🙋 Vote: For a new house-cleaning business, which would you pick first?
✓ 建议先做 DBA（个人独资 + 店铺名）✓ Best first step: DBA (sole prop with a business name)
为什么？费用低（约 $26 + 报纸刊登），不需要复杂手续，报税简单（用 Schedule C）。等生意稳定、收入超过 $40K/年后，再考虑改成 LLC 来保护资产。

⚠️ 注意：加州 LLC 不论赚不赚钱都要交 每年 $800 的最低税 — 对刚起步的生意是很重的负担。 Why? Low cost (~$26 + newspaper publishing fee), no complex paperwork, simple taxes (Schedule C). Once your business is stable and earning $40K+/year, consider switching to LLC for asset protection.

⚠️ Warning: California LLCs owe an $800/year minimum tax whether you profit or not — heavy for new businesses.
第一步 · 注册Step 1 · Register

在加州注册您的生意 Registering Your Business in California

三步：起名 → 拿税号 → 开税务账户 Three steps: pick a name → get tax ID → open tax accounts
1
DBA 登记
（LA 县）File DBA
(LA County)
$26 + 报纸刊登 4 周
lavote.gov$26 + 4-week newspaper publish
lavote.gov
2
申请 EIN
（联邦税号）Get EIN
(Federal Tax ID)
免费 · 网上 15 分钟
irs.gov/EINFree · 15 min online
irs.gov/EIN
3
加州销售税号
（卖商品才需要）CA Seller's Permit
(only if selling goods)
免费 · cdtfa.ca.gov
服务业不需要Free · cdtfa.ca.gov
Services don't need it
什么是 DBA？What is a DBA?
"Doing Business As" — 在您本人名字之外起一个店铺名字。例如：王大明做家庭清洁，想叫「Sunny Cleaning」，就要登记 DBA。在 LA 县申请，4 周内要登报纸。 "Doing Business As" — using a business name different from your legal name. Example: Wang Daming runs cleaning as "Sunny Cleaning" — that needs a DBA. File at LA County, publish in newspaper within 4 weeks.
什么是 EIN？What is an EIN?
"Employer ID Number" — 联邦税号。开公司银行账户必须有 EIN。免费在 IRS 网站申请，15 分钟拿到（中文页面：irs.gov 输入「中文」）。 "Employer ID Number" — your federal tax ID. Required to open a business bank account. Apply free on irs.gov — 15 min, instant approval (中文 available).
⚠️ 没有 SSN 也能申请⚠️ No SSN? Still OK
用 ITIN（个人税号）也可以申请 EIN 和 DBA。IRS 表 SS-4 上选「未提供 SSN」即可。Seller's Permit 同样接受 ITIN。 You can apply with an ITIN — use IRS Form SS-4 and check the no-SSN option. CA Seller's Permit also accepts ITIN.
省钱建议Save Money
不要找代办公司花 $300+ 注册 — 全部步骤可以自己做，总费用不到 $80。CSC 可以免费帮您填表。 Don't pay agencies $300+ to register — all steps can be done yourself for under $80. CSC will help you fill the forms for free.
LA 县执照LA County Permits

营业执照与许可证 LA County Business Licenses & Permits

大部分小生意都需要这些 — 没有会被罚款 Most small businesses need these — fines if you skip them
市营业执照 (Business Tax Cert.)City Business Tax Cert.
在哪个市开店，就向哪个市申请。洛杉矶市：finance.lacity.org，第一年常免费。其他市约 $50–200/年。 Apply in the city where you operate. City of LA: finance.lacity.org, often free first year. Other cities $50–200/year.
分区许可 (Zoning Clearance)Zoning Clearance
店铺地址必须允许做这种生意。在家做生意要查您家是否允许（很多住宅区不允许有客户上门）。 Your address must be zoned for your type of business. Home-based: check if customers can visit (many residential zones don't allow it).
⚠️ 行业牌照 (Industry License)⚠️ Industry-Specific License
餐馆 → 县卫生局执照
美甲/美发 → CA Board of Barbering
建筑/装修 → CSLB 承包商执照
儿童托管 → CA Community Care Licensing Restaurant → County Health Permit
Nails/Hair → CA Board of Barbering
Construction → CSLB Contractor's License
Childcare → CA Community Care Licensing
销售税号 Seller's PermitCA Seller's Permit
卖实物商品就需要（餐馆、店铺、网店、代购）。免费在 cdtfa.ca.gov 申请。仅做服务（清洁、报税）不需要。 Required if you sell physical goods (restaurant, shop, online, daigou). Free at cdtfa.ca.gov. Pure service businesses (cleaning, tax prep) don't need it.
📝 不知道要哪些执照？查 calgold.ca.gov — 输入您的生意类型和地址，系统会列出您需要的所有执照。免费。📝 Not sure what you need? Use calgold.ca.gov — enter your business type + address and it lists every permit needed. Free.
第二步 · 记账Step 2 · Bookkeeping

最重要的一步 — 分开账户 The Most Important Step — Separate Accounts

公司的钱和家里的钱必须分开 — 这是 #1 创业失败原因 Business money & personal money must be separate — #1 reason small businesses fail audits
1. 开公司银行账户1. Open Business Bank Account
拿 EIN + DBA 文件去银行（Bank of America、Chase、Cathay 国泰、East West 华美都接受 ITIN）。一般免费或每月 $5–15。 Bring EIN + DBA paperwork (Bank of America, Chase, Cathay Bank, East West Bank all accept ITIN). Free or $5–15/month.
2. 记录每笔收支2. Track Every Dollar
微信收款也要记！现金最容易出问题。免费工具：Excel、Wave Accounting（免费）、QuickBooks Simple Start ($30/月）。 Even WeChat payments count! Cash is the most missed. Free tools: Excel, Wave Accounting (free), QuickBooks Simple Start ($30/mo).
3. 收据存好 4 年3. Keep Receipts 4 Years
所有公司开销的收据 — 加油、买材料、网费、手机费、广告费。拍照存手机里也行。IRS 可能 3 年内审计。 Every business receipt — gas, supplies, internet, phone, ads. Photos on phone are OK. IRS can audit up to 3 years back.
⚠️ 不要这样做⚠️ Don't Do This
用公司卡买家里的菜 ✗ · 客户用 Zelle 给您个人账户 ✗ · 现金不记账 ✗ — 这三件事会让您报税时挨打。 Buy groceries with biz card ✗ · Customers Zelle your personal account ✗ · Cash without records ✗ — these three will hurt you at tax time.
报税Taxes

自雇税 — 您要自己存税 Self-Employment Tax — Save It Yourself

老板不扣税 — 您要每季度自己交给 IRS No employer to withhold taxes — you pay IRS quarterly
自雇税 15.3%SE Tax = 15.3%
社保 12.4% + 联邦医保 2.9% = 15.3%。打工时老板帮您交一半，但自雇要全部自己交。 Social Security 12.4% + Medicare 2.9% = 15.3%. As an employee, employer pays half. Self-employed = you pay both halves.
用 Schedule C 报税File with Schedule C
报税表 1040 + 附件 Schedule C（生意收支）+ Schedule SE（自雇税）。所有开销都在 Schedule C 上抵扣。 Form 1040 + Schedule C (business income/expenses) + Schedule SE (SE tax). All expenses deduct on Schedule C.
季度预交Quarterly Estimated Tax
如年利润超过 $400，每季度交一次：4/15 · 6/15 · 9/15 · 次年 1/15。不交会罚款。 If profit over $400/year, pay quarterly: Apr 15 · Jun 15 · Sep 15 · Jan 15. Penalties if you skip.
✓ 可抵扣的开销✓ Deductible Expenses
店租、库存、车油、手机、广告、保险、外包人工。家庭办公室：屋里专门工作的房间也能抵扣（按面积比例）。 Rent, inventory, gas, phone, ads, insurance, contractors. Home office: a dedicated work room can be deducted (% of home).
💡 华埠服务中心有免费 VITA 报税服务 — 包括自雇人士。1099/Schedule C 都能办。💡 Chinatown Service Center offers free VITA tax help — including self-employed. 1099/Schedule C welcome.
互动测验Quiz

对还是错？ True or False?

两道题 — 举手投票 Two questions — raise your hand to vote
① 在加州，开 LLC 比开 DBA 总是更好 — 因为 LLC 能保护我的房子和存款。① In California, an LLC is always better than a DBA — because LLC protects my house and savings.
🙋 举手 — 对 TRUE / 错 FALSE🙋 Raise your hand — TRUE / FALSE
✗ FALSE — 错误False
加州 LLC 每年要交至少 $800 税 — 不论赚不赚钱。CA LLC owes at least $800/year — profit or not.
对刚起步的小生意来说，DBA 更便宜，等收入稳定（约 $40K+/年）再转 LLC。LLC 的资产保护也不是「绝对」的 — 如果您把公司账户和私人账户混着用，法官可以「揭开公司面纱」追到您本人。For brand-new businesses, DBA is cheaper. Switch to LLC once profits stabilize (~$40K+/year). LLC asset protection isn't absolute either — if you mix personal & business funds, courts can "pierce the corporate veil."
② 没有 SSN（只有 ITIN）的人也可以开公司、注册 EIN、申请商业贷款。② People with no SSN (only ITIN) can still start a business, get an EIN, and apply for business loans.
🙋 举手 — 对 TRUE / 错 FALSE🙋 Raise your hand — TRUE / FALSE
✓ TRUE — 正确True
用 ITIN 可以申请 EIN、DBA、Seller's Permit、商业银行账户。With ITIN you can get EIN, DBA, Seller's Permit, and open business bank accounts.
CDFI（社区贷款机构）和 Mission-driven lenders（如 Accion Opportunity Fund、CDC Small Business Finance）专门给没有 SSN 的小生意提供贷款。SBA 联邦贷款一般要求 SSN，但 CDFI 不要求。CDFIs (community lenders) & mission-driven lenders (Accion Opportunity Fund, CDC Small Business Finance) lend to ITIN business owners. SBA federal loans usually require SSN, but CDFIs don't.
第三步 · 客户Step 3 · Customers

如何接华人客户 Reaching Chinese Community Customers

华人客户在哪里？四个免费/低价渠道 Where are Chinese customers? Four free/cheap channels
微信朋友圈WeChat Moments
免费 · 最重要Free · most important
华人客户每天都看朋友圈。每周发 2–3 条工作照、客户好评、特价信息。建一个客户微信群推送优惠。Chinese customers check Moments daily. Post 2–3x/week: photos, reviews, deals. Build a WeChat group for promotions.
小红书 / RedNoteXiaohongshu / RedNote
免费 · 年轻客户Free · younger customers
25–45 岁华人女性最常用。发美甲、美容、教程、推荐。每周 2 篇带照片的笔记。Chinese women 25–45 use it most. Post nails/beauty/tutorials/recommendations. 2 photo posts/week.
Yelp / Google 评价Yelp / Google Reviews
免费 · 美国客户Free · American customers
华人客户也看 Yelp 找餐馆、美容、装修。每个满意客户都问一句：「您愿意写个 Yelp 评价吗？」Chinese customers also use Yelp for restaurants, beauty, contractors. Ask every happy customer: "Could you leave a Yelp review?"
口碑 + 推荐奖励Word of Mouth + Referrals
免费 · 最有效Free · most effective
华人社区靠熟人介绍。给老客户「介绍一个客户减 $20」的奖励。Chinese community runs on referrals. Offer existing customers "$20 off for each new customer you refer."
📍 本地华人媒体：世界日报、星岛日报、洛城网（KW news 88.1 FM 中文广播）— 可以登广告，约 $50–200/周。📍 Local Chinese media: World Journal, Sing Tao, KW news 88.1 FM (Mandarin radio) — ad rates $50–200/week.
免费帮助Free Help

洛杉矶免费创业资源 Free Help in LA

这些机构免费帮新创业者 — 全部双语或有翻译 These groups help new business owners for free — bilingual or interpretation available
SCORE 导师SCORE Mentors
退休企业家 1 对 1 辅导Retired entrepreneurs 1-on-1 mentoring
100% FREE · score.org · LA chapter has Chinese-speaking mentors
LA SBDC（小企业发展中心）LA Small Business Dev Center
免费课程 + 商业计划辅导Free classes + business plan help
FREE smallbizla.org · 213-487-7244 · 多种语言
SBA 7(a) 贷款SBA 7(a) Loans
政府担保的小生意贷款Government-backed small business loans
$5K–5M sba.gov · 需 SSN · 信用分 ≥ 650
CDFI 社区贷款CDFI Lenders
无 SSN / 低信用分也能借No SSN / low credit OK
$500–250K Accion · CDC SBF · pacific-coast-regional.org
华埠服务中心也可以帮您 · CSC can help you tooCSC can help you too · 华埠服务中心也可以帮您
📞 213-808-1700 · cscla.org · 767 N Hill St, LA CA 90012📞 213-808-1700 · cscla.org · 767 N Hill St, LA CA 90012
免费 · 双语 · 不查身份 — DBA/EIN 表格填写帮助、商业计划辅导、报税Free · Bilingual · No status check — DBA/EIN form help, business plan coaching, tax filing
资源 · ResourcesResources

完整资源页面 Full Resource Page

扫码获取所有清单、机构、电话 Scan for all checklists, agencies, phone numbers
华埠服务中心
Chinatown Service CenterChinatown Service Center
华埠服务中心
213-808-1700
免费创业辅导 · cscla.orgFree business help · cscla.org
LA 县登记处
(DBA)LA County Registrar
(DBA)
562-462-2177
DBA 申请 · lavote.govDBA filing · lavote.gov
国税局 IRS
(EIN 申请)IRS
(EIN application)
1-800-829-1040
中文按 2 · irs.gov/EINPress 2 for Chinese · irs.gov/EIN
📱 扫描二维码📱 Scan the QR code
完整创业清单 + 本地资源Full startup checklist + local resources
small-business-workshop.pages.dev/resources
DBA 流程 · 报税清单 · 贷款选项 · 本地资源DBA steps · Tax checklist · Loan options · Local agencies
感谢您的参与！祝您生意兴隆、事业成功！ Thank you — May your business prosper! 华埠服务中心 · Chinatown Service Center Chinatown Service Center · cscla.org